A summary of the work of the American relief administration European children's fund ... Danzig port mission, 1919-1922

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AMERICAN RELIEF ADMINISTRATION
EUROPEAN CHILDREN'S FUND

DANZIG PORT MISSION
1919-1922

A SUMMARY OF THE WORK OF THE

AMERICAN RELIEF ADMINISTRATION
EUROPEAN CHILDREN'S FUND

„Die Dicke Marie": The famous Danzig Cathedral.

DANZIG PORT MISSION
1919-1922

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DRUKARNIA TECHNICZNA. SP. AKC. 'WARSZAWA. UL. CZACKlEGO 5

NOTICE

The object of this booklet is to relate briefly the story of the
Danzig Port Mission which, during the four years following the war,
did its share in carrying out the relief work of the AMERICAN
RELIEF ADMINISTRATION in Poland and the Upper Baltic States.
In the execution of a port operation there were naturally no touching
scenes of starving kiddies and hungry mothers as were met with
in childfeeding work; but the task was never devoid of interest,
never prosaic, because it was through the ports that flowed the vital
nourishment which fortified the body of thousands of undernou-
rished children and adults aided by the A. R. A.

Besides making shipments to Poland, the Upper Baltic States
and Russia, the Danzig office carried on various other A. R. A. ac-
tivities such as distribution of food packages, childfeeding and Intel-
ligentsia relief within the Free City territory, and the sale of Food
Remittances to Russia.

582367

TRANSLATION

SENATE OF THE Danzig, October 6th. 1922,

FREE CITY OF DANZIG

Dear Sir,

With reference to your letter of September 20 th in which
you advise us of the cessation of your ReUef Work, begun in 1 920,
we beg you to accept our most heartfeh thanks for the valuable
aid given to our young nation, and especially to our children.

The adverse consequences of the war affected particularly
our youth, and threatened severely its spiritual and physical de-
velopment. It was a great help to us when in October, 1920, the
American Friends Service Committee in co operation with the
American Relief Administration E. C. F. began the feeding of
7,400 children and mothers, a work which was destined to bring
so many blessings upon our population during the following two
years. Thousands of parents will remember for a long time the
magnificent work which did so much good to the health of
their children.

In the name of the Free City of Danzig, of the various in-
stitutions, of the parents and children who were benefited by the
feeding, we wish to express to the American Relief Administra-
tion our most sincere and profound thanks for the noble work
and generosity of your nation.

We beg you to transmit our thanks also to your esteemed
Chief, Mr. Herbert Hoover.

(Signed) SaHM
(President of the Free City of Danzig)

(Signed) Dr. Schwartz

(Senator)

TO: The Chief of American Relief Administration E. C. F. Free
City of Danzig.

SOCIETE DES NATIONS Danzig, 23-rd September. 1922.

LEAGUE OF NATIONS

Dear Sir,

As High Commissioner of the League of Nations at Danzig
I beg to thank you and the American ReHef Administration for
the work you have done in the Free City to feed the poor chil-
dren during a period when it w^as so urgently required. Had it
not been for the aid given by your Administration and by the
generous people of America who provided a great part of the
necessary funds, many children would have died from want and
from the diseases which accompanied it.

It is a matter of satisfaction to me and I am sure to the League
of Nations, that the local authorities of the Free City by their
good administration enabled the children to benefit to the full
from your endeavours to deal with the many cases of distress
amongst children in the Free City, and thus there was no waste
of effort.

Everyone who is acquainted with your methods of carrying
on this great scheme of beneficence, is full of admiration for the
effective, economic, and sympathetic system which you have
adopted.

You have gone about your work without advertisement,
and with the single purpose of saving children from disease and
death through inadequate nourishment. Assistance has been
given to all undernourished children without distinction as to
class, and many families who were in prosperous circumstances
before the war have benefited by your Administration.

If it is possible I should like you to convey to the kind Ame-
rican people who have subscribed the money to enable you to
carry on your w^ork, my thanks as High Commissioner, and to
assure them that I am certain that the League of Nations, to
whom I shall communicate the results of your work, will be
anxious to add their own appreciation.

I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient Servant,

(Signed) R. Haking

• High Commissioner, League of Nations,

Free City of Danzig

TO: Chief of Mission, Free City of Danzig, American Relief Admi-
nistration European Children's Fund.

I

DANZIG AND AMERICAN FIRST-AID TO POLAND

Danzig, the quaint Hanseatic city which Germany had treated as
a stepchild in order to foment the development of her sister port, Koenigs-
berg, — Danzig which up to 1914 had never been able to boast of handling
more than 600,000 tons of merchandise per year, mostly sugar and timber
outgoing to England, Denmark, Norway, and Holland, — Danzig whose
peaceful existence was disturbed only by the daily parade of the Uhlan
garrison, the memorable visits of the Kaiser and the more frequent ones of
the Crown Prince, — woke up on November II th, 1918, and found itself the
gateway to newborn Poland arisen from the ruins of three empires.

South Side of FREE BASIN Unloading directly into cars.

Poland was like a man who has just been put together by a most won-
derful process of grafting; he is whole, but requires assiduous attention and
careful nourishing. And thus it was that Mr. Hoover decided to rush to Po-
land about 300,000 tons of foodstuffs on credit, firstly in order to appease
the hunger of the population, and secondly to hush the threatening grum-
blings of those who were unable to find their bearings in the political chaos
resulting from the war. During the six months following the Armistice,
dozens of American ships crowded into the puny port of Danzig, with their
valuable cargoes of flour, fats, and milk, which were discharged into cars
scheduled to roll off the very same day towards hungry Poland, or were
stuffed into warehouses when cars were insufficient, or were dumped into
barges when every foot of waterfront was occupied. The Danzig ship-
agents in their wildest dreams had never foreseen such a plethora of mer-
chandise; now they beheld with dismay the small Free Basin with its scanty
depth of 18 to 26 feet, its five 1 V2 ton cranes on its north side, and the di-
lapidated wooden sheds flanking both the north and the south sides, trying
to play the role of an international port.

DANZIG'S SCANTY PORT EQUIPMENT

In order to understand and appreciate the difficulties which beset the
A. R. A. men who had been entrusted with the task of handling the thou-
sands of tons of relief goods for Poland, it is necessary to study the lay-out
of the Port of Danzig and examine a few salient figures about its rudiment-
ary equipment.

Total length of the quays : 5.8 ^m (of which 4.8 km in stone).

Railway mileage within port territory: 17.58 ^m (cf. Hamburg
2] 3 km).

Total surface of port territory : 160,000 sq m.

Total water surface : 60,000 sq m.

Length of quays of Free Harbor: 1,300 m.

Total floor space of Warehouses in Free Harbor : 25,000 sq m.

Depth of Free Basin: 7.5 m.

Depth of Hafenkanal and Kaiserhafen : 8 m.

The Free Basin cannot accommodate more than six large ships at
a time, always provided that their draught does not exceed 7 meters. It is
true that the Vistula has a depth of over 8 meters in the middle, but the bed
forms an abrupt curve sloping upward towards the quays, so that large ships
must lie at a distance of 1 5 to 20 feet, thus rendering the discharging very
difficult and expensive.

8

Danzig had never seen such a galaxy of ships as during the spring
days of 1919. The 300,000 tons of foodstuffs shipped by the Grain Corpora-
tion were consigned to the Polish Government cif., Danzig, and were re-
ceived by PUZAPP (National Administration for Articles of First Neces-
sity), which was virtually the Polish Food Administration, organized imme-
diately after the Germans withdrew from Poland. The A. R. A. office in
Danzig exercised primarily an adviso-
ry control, although its word was law
as to placing of ships, arrangements
for discharging, disposition of cars, etc.
As many as 120 cars rolled off toward
Poland on a single day.

FIRST CHILDREN'S RELIEF
IN POLAND

The reports of the American in-
spectors induced the A. R. A. to be-
gin special relief work among the chil-
dren who, more than the adults, were
feeling the effects of a long period of
malnutrition. Between March and July,
1919, more than 15,000 tons of these
relief commodities passed through
Danzig, consisting as follows :

Commod

ities

Metric Tons

Wheat Flour .... 858. 183

Rice . . .

2,176.09!

Beans & Peas

2.887.763

Milk ...

6,276 432

Sugar .

1.643.010

Cocoa .

765.668

Bacon .

765.000

Soap

436.901

Cod Liver Oil

20.290

Fo

tal

1 5.829.338

Port of Danzig.

CONTINUATION OF CHILD RELIEF

During his trip in August, Mr. Hoover realized that with the winter
coming on, Poland would be ill fit to take care of the thousands of under-
nourished children who had been kept alive thanks to American help.
Upon his recommendation, therefore, it was decided to continue the good
work until the following spring. The first steamer, the „Yseel", arrived in
October from London, carrying 600 tons of sugar, 12,886 cases evaporated
milk, 29,634 cases of condensed milk, and 1 ,232 bales of clogs, woollen cloth,
stockings, needles, thread, buttons, etc. The steamer was closely followed
by the S/S „Reval" and the S/S „E. H. Stinnes" with a combined cargo of
246 tons of sugar, 21,000 cases evaporated milk, 25,185 cases condensed
milk, 122 tons of lard substitute, 7,802 cases of soap, together with 427 bales
of clogs, woollens, and accessories. The relief work had begun in real
earnest. In view of the pressing need in Poland an effort was made to
discharge all cargoes directly from the ships into cars. All the clothing was
addressed to Warsaw, while the foodstuffs were distributed among the
fifteen regional warehouses in Poland, in compliance with dispositions re-
ceived from the Warsaw Mission. Full credit is due to the Polish Organiza-
tion PUZAPP, which gave to the A. R. A. their full measure of co-opera-
tion, often working far into the night in order to despatch the cars bound
for the hungry and naked children.

The clothing shipments were the source of infinite trouble. The Free
City Government had not yet been definitely established and Police con-
trol was naturally inadequate. This fact, coupled with the general condi-
tions of restlessness prevailing especially in these parts of Europe, tended
to make the stevedores insolent and rebellious. In open defiance of the
police officers they ripped open bales, smashed cases, slashed bags, stuf-
fing their pockets and blouses with flour, tins of milk, and yards of cloth.
PUZAPP organized a special detective bureau to catch the offenders and
bring them to judgment.

SHIPMENTS FOR OTHER RELIEF ORGANIZATIONS

Along with the A. R. A. shipments, the Danzig Office looked after
the consignments arriving in behalf of the other Relief Organizations oper-
ating in Poland, such as the Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A., the American
Friends, and the J. D. C. Each organization thought its commodities the
most urgently needed, and clamoured for priority in shipment, little realiz-
ing the difficulties which had to be overcome.

10

HARBOR CONGESTION IN EARLY 1920

The serious trouble started in February, 1920, simultaneously with the
beginning of the A. R. A. W. operations. The clothing campaign in Poland
was in full swing, and the five thousand bales which arrived during that
month had to be despatched with the utmost speed in order to reach the
shivering children before the winter was over. At that time the Polish Gov-
ernment was importing thousands of tons of grain and flour. Every foot
of water frontage was occupied ; often ships had to lie in the roads one and

The Free Basin filled to capacity. All these ships are laden with A. R. A. food.

two days before securing a berth ; many of them had to be discharged in
the stream, the cargo being dumped into barges w^here it lay for days and
weeks. For instance, the A. R. A. W. milk ex „Valacia" and „Vasconia"
lay stored in barges for two months before it could be taken out. Three
trains per day did not suffice to relieve the congestion ; the Danzig Harbor
with its primitive unloading equipment and limited railway facilities could
not cope with the situation.

WAREHOUSING FACILITIES

Danzig's limited pre-war trade did not require the spacious warehous-
ing accommodations of a world port, such as Hamburg and Rotterdam.
Wooden sheds on the north and south sides of the Free Basin took ample
care of the miscellaneous merchandise; as for the grain shipments there
were Anker's Grain Elevator on the Hafenkanal, with a capacity of ca.
5,000 tons and the modern silos of the Westpreussische Landwirtschaft
on the Holm Island capable of holding 10,000 tons. In order to meet the de-

The RUSSENHOFS.

Notefthe four electrically driven elevators.
Discharging from cars.

mands of the sugar trade, Wieler and Hardtmann had built two large,
fireproof warehouses on the Weichselbahnhof, with electrically driven ele-
vators for conveying sackgoods from cars to the top floor, whence they could
be distributed to any part of the building by means of spiral chutes. Un-
fortunately for the A. R. A., these elevators had been built for outgoing
trade and were of no use for discharging steamers. But they proved of in-
finite value during the periods of congestion, when there was a shortage

12

of empties, or when the PoHsh regional depots were amply protected
and shipments from Danzig had to be suspended.

The A. R. A. W. commodities were housed in ..Primus", a one-storey
brick structure on the Hafenlcanal, with a capacity of over 4,000 tons, with
railway sidings' but twenty feet away and about 1 50 feet from the water-
front.

The spiral chutes for sack goods in the RUSSENHOFS.

EFFECTS OF THE BOLSHEVIK INVASION

In 1919, the Polish Government had been farsighted enough to take
over part of the sheds on both sides of the Free Basin, as well as the row
of favorably situated warehouses along the Hafenkanal, together with the
Russenhofs. When the Bolsheviks invaded Poland, resulting in the tempo-
rary disorganization of the childfeeding program in that country, rail ship-
ments were at a complete standstill for practically two months. Stocks had
been accumulating ever since the danger had loomed in the east, several
thousand tons poured in from America and Hamburg, along with about
80,000 cases of milk; PUZAPP was making frantic efforts to rush flour and

13

other supplies for the use of the retreating Polish army ; some small ship-
ments of ammunition for Poland were the subject of a bitter controversy
between the Free City and the Polish representatives; the unruly element
in Danzig, particularly the harbor workmen, emboldened by the successes
of the Bolsheviks, turned decidedly „red", to such a degree that often their
insolence verged on mutiny. To make matters worse, the food situation in
the Free City became acute, because Poland, which supplied Danzig with
regular quotas of flour and potatoes, could not very well fulfil its obligations

During the Bolshevik invasion. Shipments to Poland were impossible ; storing com-
modities transferred from the Free Basin by cars. Over 10,000 tons of sack goods
and 3000 tons of milk, lard etc. were crammed into the Russenhofs.

during those abnormal days. As the stevedores emptied the ships laden
with flour, milk, and other food which they knew were intended for the
Polish children, they gnashed their teeth and muttered threats and impre-
cations. Bands of hoodlums gathered late in the evening before the ware-
houses teeming with A. R. A. suppHes. Primus, crammed with about 4,000
tons of A. R. A. W. milk, bacon, corned beef, etc., was the special object
of ominous comments; armed guards patrolled the precincts of this ware-
house and the Russenhofs.

14

SPOILED MILK

The S/S „Havel II." which arrived from Hamburg on July 14-th pro-
ved to be a Pandora's box. About 1 ,000 cases of condensed milk from this
steamer were stored in Johannes Ick's shed. On a fateful morning, the store-
keeper was greeted by an unpleasant odour and noticed that a sticky,
white substance oozed from the stack of cases and literally covered the
floor of the warehouse. Loud reports as of bursting hand grenades resound-
ed intermittently.

Upon investigation he discovered that milk was actually gushing
forth from tins which had burst, presumably as a result of the heat. The
cases were immediately restacked and those which showed signs of spoilage
opened and the tins segregated into four categories : sound, slightly blown,
strongly blown, and burst.

This parcel seemed to have established a bad precedent for the other
consignments w^hich followed in quick succession, and before the summer
was over 10,763 cases had arrived in Danzig in a more or less tainted con-
dition. Every single case had to be opened and the contents divided into
the four classes obove mentioned. A careful chemical analysis determined
that the milk in the slightly blown tins was still fit for human consumption
provided it could be used immediately. Consequently such tins were re-
packed and shipped without delay. On the other hand the contents of the
strongly blown tins had so deteriorated that they could be used only for
fattening animals. Needless to say, when a tin had burst open its contents
had completely lost their value as food.

The segregation of the 516,624 tins was a laborious and often unplea-
sant task. The badly spoiled milk had to be completely isolated, especially
as its offensive odour pervaded the entire warehouse and threatened to
taint the cocoa and other foodstuffs stored therein. At times cases with
slightly blown tins had to be reopened and re-examined because further
deterioration had developed so rapidly that it was dangerous to use the
milk for childfeeding. In all 2,663 cases were condemned and sold at public
auction, either for account of the milk manufacturers, when the period of
the guarantee had not yet expired, otherwise for account of the A. R. A.

SHIPMENTS RESUMED

When the tide turned in favor of the Polish army, early in August, the
childfeeding machinery in Poland was immediately reassembled, so that
urgent shipments from Danzig were imperative. The first task was to rush

15

over 1,000 tons of flour to Modlin. However, Poland had mobilized all
available cars for its supreme military effort, so that Danzig's supply of
empties was very meagre indeed. As the Vistula was still running pretty
full, the situation was saved by using barges. The critical conditions in Po-
land necessitated the increasing of the childfeeding program from 500,000
to 900.000 during the fall and up to 1,300,000 during the winter of 1920—21,
so that a constant stream of supplies had to be kept up.

From then on the car situation improved apace, so that shipments
could be effected with no special difficulty. In connection with the Polish

^H

After the Bolshevik tide turned-Discharging into cars and barges at the same time.

clothing program of 1920 — 21, the same problems presented themselves as
during the fall of 1919, only somewhat more vexatious. The next snag was
struck in the spring, — the eternal car question. The Polish Government
was importing thousands of tons of saltpeter and other chemical fertilizers
in order to rehabilitate its agriculture. These shipments took precedence
over all other goods, and at times it was only by threatening to sever rela-
tions that PUZAPP placed cars for the childfeeding supplies. The Warsaw
Mission, as well as the American Technical Mission, at times co-operated
in solving the transportation problem.

16

1921 - 22 CLOTHING PROGRAM

Following the favorable harvest of 1921 childfeeding in Poland was
rapidly reduced from the maximum of 1 ,300,000 down to 500,000; therefore
the stream of supplies from Danzig became proportionately weaker. But
the A. R. A. had undertaken a vast clothing relief program. The woollen
cloth began to arrive as early as July, followed in quick succession by hun-
dreds of cases of shoes, buttons, etc. On October 19 th, the last parcel arriv-
ed, making approximately a total of 300,000 pairs of shoes, 350,000 pairs
of stockings, and cloth from which the Warsaw Mission manufactured about
300,000 overcoats.

END OF SHIPMENTS TO POLAND

The Polish relief work was coming to an end just as the stupendous
task of relieving famine-stricken Russia began. From August on, all efforts
were bent on rushing supplies to that country by way of the upper Baltic
ports, so that shipments to Poland assumed a secondary importance. Be-
fore withdrawing entirely and turning the childfeeding over to the Polish
Committee, the A. R. A made a final donation of 480 tons of milk The
arrival of the S/S „Brake" on June 26 th, 1922, with the last lot of this gift,
marked the closing chapter of the history of the Danzig Port Mission. The
relief work in Poland was over; the shipments for Russia were being sent
directly to the Baltic ports ; Danzig's role in the magnificent work of the
A, R. A. was at an end, except for several minor shipments of foodstuffs for
the Polish and Danzig Intelligentsia Program November 1922 — June 1923.

11

SHIPMENTS TO THE BALTIC MISSIONS

Toward the end of January, 1921, an urgent telegram from London
ordered a rush shipment to Reval and Libau. Two steamers were charter-
ed and the loading effected with the utmost speed under most trying weat-
her conditions. The S S „Mietzing", 700 gr registored tons, carried a deck-
load of over 2,000 cases of milk and steamed out of the harbor accompanied
by the most fervent godspeed and prayers to Neptune. It is true that the
cases were well lashed, but great fears w^ere entertained that the rough win-
ter seas would play havoc with them. Fortunately, as the w^ater washed

17

Over the deck, a thick, firm coating of ice was formed, encasing the entire
deckload.

Ten such shipments were made. In each instance, the policy was fol-
lowed of chartering the vessel and loading it without the intervention of
a broker, so that the lowest possible rates were secured.

Commodities shipped
to Baltic Ports

Cocoa .
Sugar . . .
Flour . . .
Beans & Peas
Rice . . .
Evaporated Milk
Condensed Milk
Lard ....

Oil

Miscellaneous .

Total

Metric Tons

Bal<

;s & Cases

87.617

—

238,180

—

1.917.254

—

362.078

—

768,216

—

—

39.409
13.914

105.834
76,106

678

3.555.285

54.001

III

SHIPMENTS TO RUSSIA

a) By Water

The urgent appeal from the Riga Conference of August, 1921, for im-
mediate shipment to Riga in order to begin the „big job" in Russia, came
like the supreme clap of thunder in a storm. Just then the S/S „Neva" was
being loaded with 1,200 tons for the Baltic Missions; the S/S ..Guernsey",
^Panama" and „West Kedron" were in port with 60,000 cases of milk
and 7,000 tons of sack goods ; about a thousand cases of shoes w^ere lying
about the harbor waiting to be shipped to Poland. But there was no time
for hesitation, since the message expressly stated that the reputation of the
A. R. A. depended on the speed w^ith which the supplies would be forward-
ed. On August 21 St the call came; on the 23rd the motor-sailer „Annen"
of 600 tons began loading, and on the 25 th it glided out of the harbor with
a cargo of 192 tons of sugar and 408 tons of rice. This was the vanguard
of a number of shipments which followed in quick succession. On the 30 th
the S/S „Bolores" sailed with 1,135 tons, on September 3-rd went the S/S

18

„Planet" with 760 tons, and the S/S „Oberpresident Delbrueck" followed
in the wake on September 6 th with over 1,300 tons.

Rushing the first food to famins-stricken Russia. Steamer loading for Riga (right)

and barge unloading (left) at the Russenhofs. Danzig sent the first relief supplies

to Russia. The motor-sailer ANNEN arrived in Riga Aug. 25 th, 1921.

The little port of Danzig played an important role in mobilizing the

first supplies for the big Russian relief campaign.

Commodities shipped %m ^ ■ t /-

^"^ Metric 1 ons Cases

to Russian Unit

Cocoa 253,708 —

Sugar 1,878,131 —

Flour 7,938.535 —

Beans & Peas ..... 1,810.629 —

Rice 1.849,792 —

Corngrits 1,458,197 —

Bacon 11,659 —

Evaporated Milk ... — 166.004

Condensed Milk ... — 45.830

Lard 255.296 —

Oil 161.782 —

Miscellaneous .... — 2,535

Total: 15.617.729 214.369

19

b) Shipments to Russia by Rail

The next big task came in the early days of 1922 when Congress plac-
ed at the President's disposal funds for the purchase of corn, seed grain,
and milk for relief in Russia. The elevators of Anker and of the Westpreus-
sische Landwirtschaft mentioned above had handled thousands of tons of
grain from Poland and Pomerania before the war. Why not the Russian
corn? This information was passed on to London who promised Danzig
a share in the job. The original plan was that the corn would be discharged

Anker's grain elevator on the Hafenkanal used for the corn schipments to Russia

in Danzig, bagged, and reshipped by water to the Baltic ports. By this time,
however, rail transportation in Poland had so improved, that direct ship-
ments from Danzig to the Russian border, through Poland, were not only
feasible, but sure and expeditious. The Polish Railway Direction in Danzig
offered its hearty co-operation. This suggestion was eagerly taken up by
the London Office and within a few days, Danzig, Warsaw and Moscow
made arrangements whereby complete trains w^ould leave Danzig, via War-
saw and Baranowice to the border station of Stolpce, where the Soviets

20

were to keep a sufficient number of empties for the transshipments. The
Polish Government granted free transportation to all these supplies, and
the Danzig Senate likewise remitted the Diet Tax of 3^/^%, which was im-
posed on all freight passing through the Free City Territory.

Owing to the unusually severe winter, the entrances to the Baltic were
completely frozen for a number of days; consequently the S S „West Cha-
tala", which had leff Baltimore on January 21 st with 6,361 tons of corn, did
not put into Danzig until March 1 st. Part of the cargo was discharged into
Anker's Elevator and the balance into the Silos on the Holm Island. Over
82,000 sacks arrived with the corn, but they were so torn and weak that
less than one half could be used. Work went on feverishly day and night
in the attempt to make up the demurrage which the steamer had accumu-
lated on account of the ice.

On March 4th, the first train, „ America 1", rolled out of Danzig at
3,45 p. m., arriving safely in Stolpce five days after.

The scheme had proved a success. By this time, the upper Baltic ports,
which had been ice-bound, became accessible, and so there was no further
necessity of diverting the corn cargoes to Danzig. But as the Reval- and
Riga-Moscow railway was being worked to full capacity, the Danzig-Stolp-
ce route was used to relieve the pressure as late as June 30 th,. when the
last train, „America 48", marked the finish of this activity of the Danzig
Port Mission.

Danzig also purchased and shipped by this route 706 chests of tea for
the Russian Food Remittance program.

SHIPMENTS TO RUSSIA BY RAIL

Commodities Metric Tons

Cocoa 355.659

Sugar 1,519.272

Milk Evap 28.729

Milk & Rice 33.701

Flour 13.020.229

Beans 27.687

Peas 58.377

Rice 2,73 .\642

Corngrits 154.426

Corn 6.344.951

Lard Substitute . . . . 1,712.821

Biscuits 19.207

Tea . 25.462

Oil ■ . 10.487

Total: 26,049,650

2)

IV
DELIVERIES TO THE QUAKERS

Late in 1920, the American Friends began childf ceding in the Free
City and later also in Koenigsberg and Elbing, East Prussia. Deliveries to
these kitchens were made from the Danzig stocks upon authorisation from
the London Office.

From E. C. F. Stocks :

Cocoa
Beans
Evap. Milk
Rice ....
Lard Substitute

3,%2 kilos
16.849 „
40.056 ..
14.261 „
10.375 ..

85,503 kilos
From A. R. A. W. Stocks:

Rice 2.225 kilos

V
AMERICAN RELIEF ADMINISTRATION WAREHOUSES

Danzig's part in the A. R. A. W. food draft scheme, which was begun
early in 1920, was two-fold: the delivery of food packages in the Free City
territory, and, — the more important one — the discharging, storing and re-
shipping of the commodities for the draft business in Poland.

LOCAL DELIVERIES

Through the kindness of the Danzig Senate, a spacious warehouse in
the heart of the city was placed at the disposal of the Danzig Mission, en-
tirely free of charge. Packages were made up in „ Primus", — the A. R. A. W.
warehouse on the Hafenkanal, and transported to Danzig by means of
trucks. The package operation in a tiny country of less then 300,000 inha-
bitants cannot be compared with those of Hamburg, Vienna, etc. But in pro-
portion to the population, Danzig delivered probably more packages than
any of the larger missions.

STATEMENT OF PACKAGE DELIVERIES

A. B. C. D.

Total Packages delivered from

April, 1920, to July. 1921 1.375 205 132 12

Total Value | 13,750 | 10.250 | 1,320 1 600

22

Occasionally the scheme was the object of bitter personal attacks from
individuals, and even newspapers, especially after food conditions had con-
siderably improved. But on the whole, the benefits were fully recognized,
and the Danzig authorities never failed to give their whole-hearted support.

Making up A- R. A. W packages in the warehouse PRIMUS.

SHIPMENTS TO POLAND

The A.R. A.W. cargoes and the evacuations to Poland were handled
in the same manner as those of the A. R. A. E. C. F., with the added feature
that the delicious bacon, the tinned lard and corned beef were the object
of special covetousness on the part of the stevedores. When a parcel of ba-
con was expected, the news spread like wildfire throughout the entire har-
bor community, and the most rigorous measures had to be adopted to prevent
pilferages. By far the most vexatious problem was the handling of the oil
in 5-gallon tins. All recommendations to stevedores to use special care in
unloading the cases fell on deaf ears. The seams of the bulky tins often
cracked, and the precious fluid poured in streams. Practically all of the
cases had to be opened, and most of the tins resoldered.

23

VI
INTELLIGENTSIA RELIEF

On March 12 th, 1921, the glad tidings were received from the London
Office that the sum of $ 9,752,84 was placed by the Commonwealth Fund
at the disposal of the Danzig Mission for distribution of food among the
needy Intelligentsia. Under the auspices of the Department of Public Wel-
fare and Charities, a committee was organized, which finally established
the distribution on the following basis :

Danzig proper 70%

Zoppot 10%

District of Danziger Hoehe . 12%

„ „ Niederung 2%

„ Grosser Werder . 6%

The last three districts comprise the agricultural section of the Free City,
and were consequently in less need.

The equivalent of 260 B-packages were delivered to the Committee,
representing the following commodities :

Flour ....

. . 16.511

kilos

Rice ....

. . 5,910

„

Cocoa ....

. . 390

„

Sugar ....

. . 1,560

„

Bacon A • . .

. . 1,887

„

520 slab

Lard A . . .

. . 1.769

•I

780 tins

Corned Beef

. . 1.415

„

520 „

Evap. Milk . •

. . 321

cases

the committee received them ex warehouse and paid transportation and
all subsequent handling charges. The entire personnel for the distribution,
as well as space, etc., were loaned by the Senate.

Plight of the intellectual cl^ss. — In February, 1921, an investigation
brought out the fact that in the Free City there were about 650 persons with
an average income of about 1 ,000 marks per year (less than fifteen dol-
lars), mainly widows or daughters of professors, artists, and other pro-
fessional men. A second class comprised approximately 2,300 families whose
yearly income did notee xceed 600 marks (ten dollars) in most cases. These
latter were mostly retired higher officials, — of which Danzig w^as full, —
or their widows and children. Before the war they enjoyed social and in-
tellectual distinction ; now in their adversity, they felt too proud to apply
for public charity and preferred to sell first all their valuables and furniture,
piece by piece, and then to starve in secret. But in receiving this gift, their
pride was not humbled, because it represented the goodwill of the Ameri-

24

can people, who had been the first of the beUigerent nations to bury the
hatchet and extend a helping hand to both friend and foe.

Delivering the first Intelligentsia package. Before the war this woman enjoyed social

distinction and wealth.

In all, 1,417 cases were considered, mostly professors, teachers, cler-
gymen, officers, lawyers, and musicians, or their widows and orphans;
a few very needy students of the Technical School were also included.

Danzig Zoppot Outside Total

Professors & Widows 2 I — 3

Teachers „ „ 228 33 11 272

Clergymen „ 35 1 12 48

Officers „ „ 83 3 2 88

Lawyers 9 — — 9

Musicians 62 I — 63

Students . 56 — — ' 56

Retired sea-Captains 48 — — • 48

City & State Officials-Retired . . 295 62 19 376

Merchant Widows 91 20 17 128

Technical Engineers • 30 1 — 31

Other professions 232 35 28 295

1,171 197 89 1,417

lb

COMMONWEALTH INTELLIGENTSIA RELIEF

Amount of Gift No of Beneficiaries Total Meals Meals per Person Cost of Meal
I 9.752 84 3,351 122,964 37 0,08

NOTE: A meal was calculated at 1,000 calories.

Intelligentsia packages ready for delivery.

TYPICAL LETTER OF THANKS RECEIVED

„We, inhabitants of the Hospital HI. Leichnam (institute for aged and
destitute teachers), thank you very much and from whole heart for your
generosity, begnignity, and endeavour. We are happy and we are glad so
exceedingly of the rich and delicious present, which is a very great help in
our distress and in this time of the regret for us.

The best wishes for your health and happiness!

God bless you and the gentlemen iQ America !"

Comment illuminating the last sentence: The „inhabitants" of the
above Institute are all female.

26

VII

RUSSIAN FOOD REMITTACE SALES

The Free City had become the haven of hundreds of Russians who
had fled from their mother country during the times of turmoil following
the revolution. The Russian Food Remittance scheme afforded them the
opportunity of aiding their dear ones left behind.

REMITTANCES SOLD

1921 December

1922 January .
February
March
April .
May .
June ,
July .
August
September

Total

I 660
840
1.470
2.030
2,830
2.630
3.220
2.050
1.250
1.300

NOTE: Refunds | 60.

$ 18,280

Some small remnants of shipments to Danzig were stolen by ships* crews. The food
was recovered in Koenigsberg and delivered to the jjMittelstand" kitchen there.

27

VIII
CHILDFEEDING

The small territory allotted to Danzig as ..hinterland" by the treaty of
Versailles was incapable of supporting the entire population: therefore Po-
land bound itself to deliver periodically certain amounts of staple foodstuffs
such as flour, potatoes, and eggs, in return for the privileges she secured.
But political and economic conditions, especially resulting from the Bolshe-
vik invasion of 1920, made it impossible for Poland to fulfil its obligations

Early morning in the courtyard of the WIEBENKASERNE. The ..field kitchens* about

to leave for the schools.

in a full measure, so that at times the food situation in the Free City was
quite critical. The rations allowed on the cards were meagre ; foodstuffs
obtainable through the ..back door" commanded fancy prices, far beyond
the reach of the bulk of the population which was composed mainly of
small property holders and officials rendered jobless by the change in the
political status of Danzig.

28

The local government made several appeals to the A. R. A. ; it was
particularly painful for the Danzigers to see thousands of tons of flour and
countless cases of milk pass through their port and shipped off to feed the
Polish children, while their own children were feeling the same pangs of
hunger. At the conference held in Berlin in September, 1920, it was deci-
ded that the Quakers would include Danzig in their German childfeeding
program.

An aged driver. His two grandchildren will get a share of the cocoa and

porridge.

Within less than a month the actual work began. Of the 26,000 school
children examined, more than 10,000 were found to be decidedly under-
nourished. But the Quaker program provided only for 7,400, so that over
2,000 who, according to the Rohr Index showed a variation of at least lO'/o
below normal, had to be excluded. Incidentally, the Rohr Index was found
inadequate for the Danzig children, whose average stature is somewhat be-
low that of those of Middle and Western Germany, — the purely Germanic
type. Care was also taken of 245 expectant and nursing mothers.

The cooking for Danzig proper was done in a central kitchen in the
former Infantry Barracks, the Wiebenkassrne, while the outlying towns of

29

Oliva, Zoppot, and St. AlbrecKt had their own small kitchen. All the form-
er military equipment served a good purpose, thanks to which it was pos-
sible to prepare 6,000 rations and transport them to the furthest sections of
the city, and enable as many children in the 69 schools to enjoy the warm,
nourishing cocoa, porridge, etc. during the period of recess, and thus cause
no interruption in the regular school schedule.

In a schoolyard. Arrival of the ..field kitchen"

SAMPLE MENU FOR A WEEK

Monday: Cocoa with Sweet Roll .....

Tuesday: Rice soup with beans or vegetables,

and Bread

Wednesday: Milk or Flour Soup with Sweet Roll

Thursday: Cocoa with Sweet Roll

Friday: Rice Milk with Sweet Roll ....

Saturday: Bean Soup with Bread

Total: 1.166.6

Calorific

Grams

Value

197.6

662

181,1

681

202.1

712

196.6

659

197.1

632

192.1

730

4,076

30

The political inciependence of the Free City having been definitively
established, the A. R. A. took over the childfeeding work from the Quak-
ers in April, 1921. Conditions had perceptibly improved. The economic
progress in Poland made itself felt in the Free City; foodstuffs became
more plentiful ; the increased traffic in the port afforded work to many thou-
sands ; above all, the population had partly regained its composure lost du-

Zero weather outside.
The steaming cocoa fortifies these boys against the cold.

ring the stormy days of 1920, and had seriously set itself to work. There-
fore with the beginning of the new school period in August, the childfeed-
ing program was considerably reduced, beginning with 2,300 school chil-
dren from August to October, increasing to 3,300 during November and
December, and to 4,000 during the winter months; 400 supplementary
rations were allowed to the institutions for crippled children, and to or-
phanages. •

31

THE GOVERNMENT'S SHARE IN THE FEEDING PROGRAM

In conformity with the A. R. A's policy the Danzig Government con-
tributed its share, firstly by supplying all the flour and sugar, and secondly
by paying all the operation expenses as well as all charges for unloading,
handling, and transporting the A. R. A. foodstuffs. About oneand a half
million marks (equivalent to $ 1 5,000) were appropriated for this purpose.

The ..kiddies" of the St. Josephsheim, — about 200 of them. Many have no parents
and the others receive but little or no parental care.

LOCAL COMMITTEE CONTINUES FEEDING

Towards the middle of April the feeding was discontinued, although
the A. R. A. donated to the Local Committee the balance of stocks on hand
besides delivering another two months' rations on the basis of 4,000, to
coincide with the closing of the childfeeding program in Poland on
June I St., 1922.

FOODSTUFFS TURNED OVER TO LOCAL COMMITTEE

Kilos Cases

Cocoa . 508 —

Evap Milk — 250

• Rice 2.500 —

Peas & Beans .... 2.500 —

Lard Sub 1.556 —

») Flour 8.168 —

•) Sugar 43 —

•) The Senate supplied the flour and sugar, for the entire operation.

32

In view of the approaching school vacation and because in summer
the need is decidedly less pressing, the Committee thought it advisable to
suspend the work altogether and resume it in the fall. The Senate voted
a credit of 500,000 marks (approximately | 2,000) with which the Com-
mittee purchased sufficient foodstuffs to carry on the feeding from No-
vember, 1922, to March, 1923, on the basis of 4080 children.

March 17.. 1923.

The last A. R. A. car to leave Danzig. Loading corngrits

for the Intelligentsia program in Poland.

33

A. R. A.
DIGEST OF STOCK AUDIT FROM

Commodities

r r I V a 1 s

Evacuations

S V ^

O ki ?

h 0 o

U. U. CO

Kilos.

Overages

and Shortages as

per Outturn

(9 •"
O V

H Q

Kilos.

0/

/o

- 6373

-0.19

- 20664

-041

— 74 236

- 0 50

- 60287

-0.75

- 94 781

-0.26

+ 3208

+ 0.29

-101 155

-0.57

— 40977

- 0.25

+ 7 936

+ 0.17

- 063

-0.01

- 7 244

— 0.53

— 10777

-0.18

- 3575

-0.90

- 3607

— 3.00

— 146

-0.20

- 46

-0.10

- 286

-0.30

— 54650

-0.70

Kil<

.2* —

jC « o
en OS H

Jos

0. « .Si

Cl *^ *j
-- BJ —

en ? OQ

KiU

Kile

Cocoa . . . .

Sugar

Evap. Milk . . •

Cond. Milk . . .

Flour

Peas

Beans

Rice

Lard Substitute

Lard Bulk . . .

Oil

Corngrits & Cornfl.

Soap

Bacon

Corned Beef ■ .

Clothing, in bales
& cases

G. C. Evap. Milk .

G. C. Corn

1 922 986

5029 195

14 856 568

8010313

36062 000

1102 016

17661984

16C64 587

4 822 998

327 418

1 259 502

5822 599

396 725

121 981

72 689

27 672

86 787

6361626

1 919 349

5008 531

14 782 332

7980 026

35967 219

1105 224

17 560 829

16523 610

4 830 934

327 355

1 252 258

5811822

393 150

118 374

72 543

27 626

86 501

6 306 976

1256 414
1 225 220

10 229 531
7 123043

13041144

954 840

15 234 844

11 129085
2966 711

319 664

1002 336

4 245 945

327 450

102 254

37 878

22 603

79 392

313112

748 437

281 276

1225114

360 246

1 051 842

147163

76160

16500

65 297

120539 646

-464987

120074 659 jl 69218 962 , 4364 539

NOTE: G. C. means Grain Corporation.

34

E.C.I.
OCTOBER 14 th

1919 TO JUNE 30 th 1922

E

vacua

t i o n

Shipped by
Rail To
Russia

Shipped by
Water To
Hamburg

Delivered To
Local Comit-
tee Danzig

Q S IS 1 Harbour
5 2 0 Shortages and Over-

•2: •« 00 1

Sales

Damaged

Commodit.

0 t

Kilos.

Kilos.

Kilos.

Kilos.

Kilos.

%

Kilos.

Kilos.

565 686

—

10 588

3 962

—

3 259

-0.17

048

1919 349

3458 344

-

2 653

—

—

2 006

— 0.04

7 196

5 008 531

3632 798

—

104 248

40 056

—

26 286

-0.18

976

14 782 332

490 542

—

17 841

—

-

15 670

+ 0.20

50 654

7 980 026

21 647 901

—

30 954

—

+

38 955

+ 0,08

61061

35 967 219

142 383

—

7 915

—

+

142

+ 0.01

228

1 105 224

1 795 365

—

39 292

16 849

+

16 898

-f 0,10

131131

17 560 829

4217137

—

2 872

14 261

—

38 219

-0.23

70 194

16 523 610

1 691 202

—

16 643

10 375

+

1 160

+ 0.03

—

4 830 934

—

—

7 295

—

—

396

-0.01

—

327 355

170 889

—

748

—

—

2125

-0.16

~

1 252 258

1 620 947

—

—

—

+

100118

+ 1.70

45 048

5 811822

46 325

—

—

—

—

2 875

-0.70

—

393 150

8 921

—

3 717

—

—

3 482

— 2,90

—

118 374

—

32 715

1632

— '

—

318

-0.44

—

72 543

5 015

—

—

—

—

8

- 0,03

—

27 626

21204

—

—

—

—

—

—

86 501

6306 976

—

—

--

—

—

—

6 306 976

45 821635

32 715

246 398

85 503

+

61629

366536

120074 659

■

35

A. R. A.

RECAPITULATION

Date

d
0
y
o

u

a
bo

9

lour

•

s

s ^

o

U

to

ui S

O S

u

O, .8

s,

NMT

NMT

Cases

Cases

NMT

NMT

NMT

1919

October ....

—

600

12 886

29 634

—

—

—

November . . .

—

246

21000

25185

—

—

—

December

—

—

—

1682

1400

—

1920

January ....

—

566

29 765

76 824

1986

5 244

2 207

February .

52

—

27 431

61894

—

—

1002

March . .

151

—

35636

26413

—

—

566

April . .

102

—

10 333

—

—

—

461

May . .

—

—

26 318

23695

—

889

—

June . .

—

—

2 999

7 000

—

243

—

July. . .

152

—

4000

17 687

768

—

August

152

—

2000

5 898

72

—

September

—

—

—

12100

—

—

—

October .

—

—

—

35 401

—

342

—

November

—

2

—

—

—

—

—

December

—

—

—

8179

—

—

800

1921

January ....

127

—

74 095

24 987

4 544

3966

80

February .

—

—

12 976

—

1354

—

1211

March .

—

38 915

—

18

—

430

April . .

142

— '

13 885

—

689

53

549

May . .

143

40

91 122

11948

749

2156

1558

June

76

—

5 459

10 491

1 110

—

307

July . .

254

50

46 996

10 577

1000

475

1592

August

—

200

46998

18183

2 016

1788

2 341

September

—

1006

—

2 882

2811

567

—

October .

100

410

47p27

11999

1511

—

—

November

118

380

60 966

—

3 474

128

890

December

—

—

44 526

—

—

—

—

1922

January ....

45

• —

1308

—

—

575

.—

February .

—

—

(G.C) 3006

1 100

—

—

—

March .

309

404

3 700

__

5178

71

434

April . .

—

729

(G.C.) 980

—

6 590

27

1007

May . .

—

396

—

.._

1285

—

1 130

June . .

—

—

21998

—

65

—

—

1923

5 029

686 325

422 077

36062

18 764

16 565

36

E. C. F.

OF ARRIVALS

1^

T3 J4

NMT

NMT

o

NMT

C o

O o

o u

NMT

NMT

CQ

NMT

U

T3 <* *
« CO *

O « 0

U CQ g

Cases

S u

o
U O

Kilos

122

—

—

—

491

—

—

862

771

—

—

613

—

—

203

—

88

—

»

—

45

—

—

—

—

17

—

—

—

293

105

—

—

17

191

—

202

—

144

—

202

—

—

1016

199

—

161

51

209

—

161

407

249

— .

105

210

387

—

190

762

—

—

-

254

279

261

—

—

—

1228

149

"

—

374

—

—

—

1056

—

—

—

—

—

—

159

—

—

4 823

327

1260

5 823

196

80
17
47
11

46

11799

72 360

37 822

1232

427

2135

7131
1 198
1300

110
198

1311

2 033

228

1369

59633

13 056

6 361626

397 121981

27 672 72 689

6 361 626
57

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40

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY,
BERKELEY

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